{"id":8280,"date":"2026-07-06T02:58:39","date_gmt":"2026-07-05T18:58:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/"},"modified":"2026-07-06T02:58:39","modified_gmt":"2026-07-05T18:58:39","slug":"rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/ar\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 | \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<div id=\"blogtext\">\n<p align=\"left\"><em>\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u062c\u0631<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a) \u0648\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (WTO)\u061f \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c <\/span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/abs\/10.1086\/712786\" target=\"_blank\">\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0633) \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u064a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629. \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a &quot;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a&quot; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/h2>\n<p><span>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629: \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 - \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 - \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 &quot;\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629&quot; \u0623\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c &quot;\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629.&quot; \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c &quot;\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645&quot; \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0645\u0623\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2007 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/res_e\/publications_e\/wtr07_e.htm\"><i>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/i><\/a> \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 &quot;\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629&quot; \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0633. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/h2>\n<p><span>T<\/span><span>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0633 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coase_theorem\" target=\"_blank\">) \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629: \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 - \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636.<\/a>\u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635: \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629\u061b \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a). <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627) \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 - \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 - \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629. \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631. [\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 &quot;\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a.&quot;]<\/h2>\n<p><span>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628. \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 &quot;\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629.&quot;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a. \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u064a\u062f - \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a - \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 (\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627): <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>&quot;\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629.&quot;<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"small\">\"\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627.\"<em><br \/>&#13;<br \/>\n  \"\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629\"\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u062c. \u0625. \u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646: 1955\u060c \u0635 570.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642<\/h2>\n<p><span>\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0635\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"fntext-1\"\/><span>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \"\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\" \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 - \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a - \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629.<sup><a href=\"#fnt-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup> \u00a0\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/h2>\n<p><span>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u061f \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u064a \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b <a href=\"https:\/\/brentneiman.com\/research\/GN2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/scl\/fi\/q4km6chtuao8haac8t3a9\/Flaaen-Hortacsu-Tintelnot-Urdaneta-Xu.pdf?rlkey=9o0e9k3jkscsz3tfsl76l9uct&amp;e=1&amp;dl=0\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sganapati.com\/files\/Ganapati_Hottman_2026_Did_Foreigners_Pay_Americas_Tariffs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w35334?utm_campaign=ntwh&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_source=ntwg24\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0642\u062a<\/a>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 5% \u064840%\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 60-70% \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644) \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 - \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0646\u0642\u0637\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a - \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 - \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621) \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a): \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/29730161\" target=\"_blank\">\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0648\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 (2008)<\/a> \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 15 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 - \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 - \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643. \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628. \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \"\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\" \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 1 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 1: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/news_e\/news_docs\/version_html_graphique.html\" title=\"\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a - \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 4 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 620px; border: 0; overflow: hidden;\">&#13;<br \/>\n<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal small\"><small>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629: \u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 3 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 (2008).<\/small><\/p>\n<p><span>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 1 \u0633\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. <\/span><span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/23045898\" target=\"_blank\">\u0628\u0627\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u062c\u0631 (2011)<\/a> \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647. \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 16 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1995. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 - \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 2\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u063a\u0631 (2011)\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644. \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a)\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 2: \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/news_e\/news_docs\/figure_2_cooperative_tariff_cuts_market_power_fixed_axis.html\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 2: \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 450px; border: 0; display: block;\">&#13;<br \/>\n<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><small>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629: \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 1 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u062c\u0631 (2011). \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0628\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<small\/><\/small><\/p>\n<p><span>\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u063a\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646. \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p><span>\u0628\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h2>\n<p><span>\u0628\u0627\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648. \u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u062c\u0631 (2011). \"\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u061f \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.\" \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 101(4): 1238-1273.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0648\u060c \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0625\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 (2008). \"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629.\" \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 98(5): 2032-2065.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a<\/h4>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>#\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 #\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629 #\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 #\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a #\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629_\u0646\u0638\u0631 #\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0637 #\u062c\u0632\u0621 #\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629_\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 #\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a #\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631_\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Robert Staiger What is the economic value of the multilateral trading system embodied in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO)? As the trading system faces growing pressure from global challenges, this question has become increasingly important. As outlined in my introductory blog on this topic, [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8280","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-global-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.7.1 (Yoast SEO v25.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>WTO Blog | The value of the WTO: An economic viewpoint in six instalments Part I: Trade policy and international spillovers - MORE SOURCING LTD<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/ar\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"WTO Blog | The value of the WTO: An economic viewpoint in six instalments Part I: Trade policy and international spillovers\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Robert Staiger What is the economic value of the multilateral trading system embodied in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO)? As the trading system faces growing pressure from global challenges, this question has become increasingly important. As outlined in my introductory blog on this topic, [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/ar\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MORE SOURCING LTD\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-07-05T18:58:39+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"MS\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"MS\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"MS\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#\/schema\/person\/2c9a233f0ad18413717419291cacdf69\"},\"headline\":\"WTO Blog | The value of the WTO: An economic viewpoint in six instalments Part I: Trade policy and international spillovers\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-07-05T18:58:39+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/\"},\"wordCount\":2195,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Global News\"],\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/\",\"name\":\"WTO Blog | The value of the WTO: An economic viewpoint in six instalments Part I: Trade policy and international spillovers - MORE SOURCING LTD\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-07-05T18:58:39+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"WTO Blog | The value of the WTO: An economic viewpoint in six instalments Part I: Trade policy and international spillovers\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/\",\"name\":\"MORE SOURCING LTD\",\"description\":\"Your Global Trade Experts\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"MORE SOURCING LTD\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"ar\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#organization\",\"name\":\"MORE SOURCING LTD\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/cropped-cropped-MS-logo-02-scaled-2.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/cropped-cropped-MS-logo-02-scaled-2.png\",\"width\":2558,\"height\":1273,\"caption\":\"MORE SOURCING LTD\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"ownershipFundingInfo\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/about-us\/\",\"ethicsPolicy\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/service\/\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#\/schema\/person\/2c9a233f0ad18413717419291cacdf69\",\"name\":\"MS\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fcff4c53e422761d0d6db624cdaf171933d38385c2c22c13ce39ea3918a9cd66?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fcff4c53e422761d0d6db624cdaf171933d38385c2c22c13ce39ea3918a9cd66?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"MS\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/ar\/author\/moresourcing\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 | \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f - \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/ar\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/","og_locale":"ar_AR","og_type":"article","og_title":"WTO Blog | The value of the WTO: An economic viewpoint in six instalments Part I: Trade policy and international spillovers","og_description":"Robert Staiger What is the economic value of the multilateral trading system embodied in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO)? As the trading system faces growing pressure from global challenges, this question has become increasingly important. As outlined in my introductory blog on this topic, [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/ar\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/","og_site_name":"MORE SOURCING LTD","article_published_time":"2026-07-05T18:58:39+00:00","author":"MS","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629":"MS","\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631":"11 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/"},"author":{"name":"MS","@id":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#\/schema\/person\/2c9a233f0ad18413717419291cacdf69"},"headline":"WTO Blog | The value of the WTO: An economic viewpoint in six instalments Part I: Trade policy and international spillovers","datePublished":"2026-07-05T18:58:39+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/"},"wordCount":2195,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#organization"},"articleSection":["Global News"],"inLanguage":"ar","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/","url":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/","name":"\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 | \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f - \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#website"},"datePublished":"2026-07-05T18:58:39+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"ar","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/rsmfn_01jul26_437_e-htm\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"WTO Blog | The value of the WTO: An economic viewpoint in six instalments Part I: Trade policy and international spillovers"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/","name":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629","description":"\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#organization"},"alternateName":"MORE SOURCING LTD","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"ar"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#organization","name":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629","url":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/cropped-cropped-MS-logo-02-scaled-2.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/cropped-cropped-MS-logo-02-scaled-2.png","width":2558,"height":1273,"caption":"MORE SOURCING LTD"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"ownershipFundingInfo":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/about-us\/","ethicsPolicy":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/service\/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#\/schema\/person\/2c9a233f0ad18413717419291cacdf69","name":"MS","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fcff4c53e422761d0d6db624cdaf171933d38385c2c22c13ce39ea3918a9cd66?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fcff4c53e422761d0d6db624cdaf171933d38385c2c22c13ce39ea3918a9cd66?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"MS"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/moresourcing.com"],"url":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/ar\/author\/moresourcing\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8280","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8280"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8280\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8280"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8280"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/moresourcing.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8280"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}